Flexible system for delivering an anchor

ABSTRACT

A system and associated method for manipulating tissues and anatomical or other structures in medical applications for the purpose of treating diseases or disorders or other purposes. In one aspect, the system includes a delivery device including a flexible portion that is suited to access target anatomy. The flexibility of an elongate portion of the delivery device can be varied. Additionally, the delivery device can include structure that maintains the positioning of the delivery device in patient anatomy.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/723,826 filed Apr. 19, 2022, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/166,312 filed Oct. 22, 2018, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,331,093, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/538,758 filed Jun. 29, 2012, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,130,353, the entire disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates generally to medical devices and methods, and more particularly to systems and associated methods for manipulating or retracting tissues and anatomical or other structures within the body of human or animal subjects for the purpose of treating diseases or disorders.

One example of a condition where it is desirable to lift, compress or otherwise remove a pathologically enlarged tissue is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). BPH is one of the most common medical conditions that affect men, especially elderly men. It has been reported that, in the United States, more than half of all men have histopathologic evidence of BPH by age 60 and, by age 85, approximately 9 out of 10 men suffer from the condition. Moreover, the incidence and prevalence of BPH are expected to increase as the average age of the population in developed countries increases.

The prostate gland enlarges throughout a man's life. In some men, the prostatic capsule around the prostate gland may prevent the prostate gland from enlarging further. This causes the inner end of the prostate gland to squeeze the urethra. This pressure on the urethra increases resistance to urine flow through the end of the urethra enclosed by the prostate. Thus the urinary bladder has to exert more pressure to force urine through the increased resistance of the urethra. Chronic over-exertion causes the muscular walls of the urinary bladder to remodel and become stiffer. This combination of increased urethral resistance to urine flow and stiffness and hypertrophy of urinary bladder walls leads to a variety of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) that may severely reduce the patient's quality of life. These symptoms include weak or intermittent urine flow while urinating, straining when urinating, hesitation before urine flow starts, feeling that the bladder has not emptied completely even after urination, dribbling at the end of urination or leakage afterward, increased frequency of urination particularly at night, urgent need to urinate etc.

In addition to patients with BPH, LUTS may also be present in patients with prostate cancer, prostate infections, and chronic use of certain medications (e.g. ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, antihistamines such as diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine etc.) that cause urinary retention especially in men with prostate enlargement.

Although BPH is rarely life threatening, it can lead to numerous clinical conditions including urinary retention, renal insufficiency, recurrent urinary tract infection, incontinence, hematuria, and bladder stones.

In developed countries, a large percentage of the patient population undergoes treatment for BPH symptoms. It has been estimated that by the age of 80 years, approximately 25% of the male population of the United States will have undergone some form of BPH treatment. At present, the available treatment options for BPH include watchful waiting, medications (phytotherapy and prescription medications), surgery and minimally invasive procedures.

For patients who choose the watchful waiting option, no immediate treatment is provided to the patient, but the patient undergoes regular exams to monitor progression of the disease. This is usually done on patients that have minimal symptoms that are not especially bothersome.

Surgical procedures for treating BPH symptoms include Transurethal Resection of Prostate (TURP), Transurethral Electrovaporization of Prostate (TVP), Transurethral Incision of the Prostate (TUIP), Laser Prostatectomy and Open Prostatectomy.

Minimally invasive procedures for treating BPH symptoms include Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy (TUMT), Transurethral Needle Ablation (TUNA), Interstitial Laser Coagulation (ILC), and Prostatic Stents.

The most effective current methods of treating BPH carry a high risk of adverse effects. These methods and devices either require general or spinal anesthesia or have potential adverse effects that dictate that the procedures be performed in a surgical operating room, followed by a hospital stay for the patient. The methods of treating BPH that carry lower risks of adverse effects are also associated with a lower reduction in the symptom score. While several of these procedures can be conducted with local analgesia in an office setting, the patient does not experience immediate relief and in fact often experiences worse symptoms for weeks after the procedure until the body begins to heal. Additionally all device approaches require a urethral catheter placed in the bladder, in some cases for weeks. In some cases catheterization is indicated because the therapy actually causes obstruction during a period of time post operatively, and in other cases it is indicated because of post-operative bleeding and potentially occlusive clot formation. While drug therapies are easy to administer, the results are suboptimal, take significant time to take effect, and often entail undesired side effects.

There have been advances in developing minimally invasive devices and methods for lifting and repositioning of tissues. However, further advances are necessary to ensure an ability to access difficult to reach body structure.

There remains a need for the development of new devices and methods that can be used for various procedures where it is necessary to employ flexible or versatile devices for accessing target anatomy and minimizing patient discomfort. Changing the flexibility of interventional devices and maintaining positioning with respect to anatomy may additionally be necessary. In particular, there is a need for alternative apparatus and treatment approaches for the purpose of engaging or reaching anatomy from various angles. An ability to access anatomy with minimally invasive instruments while viewing the interventional procedure is also desirable. Moreover, various structures ensuring an effective interventional procedure such as implants having structural memory characteristics have been found to be helpful in certain treatment approaches.

The present disclosure addresses these and other needs.

SUMMARY

Briefly and in general terms, the present disclosure is directed towards an apparatus and method for deploying an anchor assembly within a patient's body to accomplish interventional treatments. A delivery device is provided to access the anatomy targeted for the interventional procedure. The delivery device includes flexible structure and a controllable position stability mechanism that can be configured to control one or more of axial deflection and longitudinal positioning.

The delivery apparatus of the present disclosure includes various subassemblies that are mobilized via an actuator or other manually accessible structure. The operation of the subassemblies is coordinated and synchronized to ensure accurate and precise implantation of an anchor assembly. In one embodiment, the delivery device is embodied in a tissue approximation assembly that is configured to treat BPH.

In one particular aspect, the present invention is directed towards a flexible delivery device that accomplishes the delivery of a first or distal anchor assembly component at a first location within a patient's body and the delivery of a second or proximal anchor assembly component at a second location within the patient. The flexible nature of an elongate portion of the delivery device is intended to minimize patient discomfort while providing structure to effectively reach an interventional site. In this regard, the delivery device can include a mechanism that accomplishes axial deflection of the elongate portion and/or a needle extending therefrom. The deflection mechanism can provide variable deflection of portions of the delivery device. The device can also accomplish imparting tension during delivery to a connector to hold it while attaching the proximal anchor in situ. The procedure can be viewed employing a scope inserted in the device. Also, the delivery device can be sized and shaped to be compatible inside a sheath up to 24 F, preferably a 19 F sheath or smaller.

The scope can assume various configurations and can be employed with complementary structure assisting in the viewing function. In one approach, a mirrored surface aids in viewing and in other approaches the scope includes a variable liquid filled lens or an annular lens.

The anchor assembly can be configured to accomplish approximating, retracting, lifting, compressing, supporting or repositioning tissue within the body of a human or animal subject. Moreover, the apparatus configured to deploy the anchor assembly as well as the anchor assembly itself are configured to complement and cooperate with body anatomy.

In one particular approach to a delivery device, an elongate member extends from a handle assembly. As an alternative to a rigid structure, the elongate member can assume flexible characteristics to minimize patient discomfort. In this way, the device can be advanced more easily within anatomy to a treatment site. The delivery device can further include a position maintaining or stability mechanism that holds the position of the flexible elongate member within anatomy.

To direct tissue penetrating structures such as a needle, the flexible elongate member can be equipped with a longitudinally transferrable wire that can be arranged to deflect a tip of the needle. The elongate member can alternatively embody segmented structure and a distal end portion that is expandable so that longitudinal positioning of the distal end of the member can be maintained in a desired configuration at an anatomical site. A multiple needle approach is also contemplated.

The implant itself can be placed within a sleeve or embody a tube sized to receive a wire. In this way, the implant can be delivered in a first configuration and then permitted to assume a second configuration upon deployment at a treatment site. Similar structure is also contemplated in connection with providing a temporary compression to tissue in respect of which an anchor assembly is subsequently placed.

Various alternative methods of use are contemplated. The disclosed apparatus can be used to improve flow of a body fluid through a body lumen, modify the size or shape of a body lumen or cavity, treat prostate enlargement, treat urinary incontinence, support or maintain positioning of a tissue, close a tissue wound, organ or graft, perform a cosmetic lifting or repositioning procedure, form anastomotic connections, and/or treat various other disorders where a natural or pathologic tissue or organ is pressing on or interfering with an adjacent anatomical structure. Also, the invention has a myriad of other potential surgical, therapeutic, cosmetic or reconstructive applications, such as where a tissue, organ, graft or other material requires approximately, retracting, lifting, repositioning, compression or support.

Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view, depicting anatomy surrounding a prostate in a human subject;

FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view, depicting anatomy surrounding a prostate;

FIG. 3 is a perspective side view, depicting one embodiment of an anchor assembly

FIGS. 4A-C are side and perspective views, depicting one embodiment of a delivery device and various features thereof;

FIG. 5 is an enlarged view, depicting a distal portion of a delivery device including mirrors;

FIG. 6 is an enlarged view, depicting a needle projecting through an annular lens scope;

FIG. 7 is a side view, depicting a scope including a liquid filled lens;

FIGS. 8A-B are each a side view, depicting a flexible elongate member controlled by wires;

FIG. 9 is a partial cross-sectional side view, depicting use of a flexible delivery device;

FIG. 10A is a side view, depicting a distal portion of one embodiment of a flexible delivery device;

FIGS. 10B-J are various views, depicting alternative approaches to flexible elongate portions;

FIGS. 11A-D is a side view, depicting distal portions of alternative embodiments of a delivery device;

FIG. 12 is a side view, depicting another approach to a delivery device;

FIGS. 13A-C are partial cross-sectional views, depicting yet further approaches to a delivery devices;

FIGS. 14A-C are partial cross-sectional views, depicting an alternative approach to an anchor;

FIGS. 15A-C are partial cross-sectional views, depicting a further alternative approach to one anchor;

FIGS. 16A-C are partial cross-sectional views, depicting a treatment approach involving an anchor;

FIGS. 17A-C are side and partial cross-sectional views, depicting another approach to an implant and delivery system;

FIGS. 18A-B are side views, depicting yet another approach to an implant;

FIGS. 19A-B are perspective and side views, depicting another approach to an implant and delivery system;

FIG. 20 is a side view, depicting another approach to an implant and delivery system;

FIGS. 21A-D are a partial cross-sectional side view and a cross-sectional side view, depicting use of a flexible delivery device and implants;

FIGS. 22A-C are side views and a partial cross-sectional side view, depicting another approach to an implant;

FIGS. 23A-B are partial cross-sectional side views, depicting use of a flexible delivery device and implants;

FIGS. 24A-D are side views and partial cross-sectional side view, depicting another approach to an implant and delivery system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Turning now to the figures, which are provided by way of example and not limitation, the present disclosure is directed to a flexible delivery device configured to deliver an anchor assembly within a patient's body for treatment purposes. The disclosed apparatus can be employed for various medical purposes including but not limited to retracting, lifting, compressing, approximating, supporting or repositioning tissues, organs, anatomical structures, grafts or other material found within a patient's body. Such tissue manipulation is intended to facilitate the treatment of diseases or disorders such as the displacement, compression and/or retraction of the body tissue.

In an aspect of the present disclosure, the delivery device includes a handle assembly supporting an elongate member having flexible characteristics. The elongate member defines a low profile that is suited to navigate body anatomy to reach an interventional site. Substructure is provided to maintain a longitudinal profile of the elongate member so that the interventional procedure can progress as intended. A controllable position stability mechanism is thus contemplated and the same can further maintain lateral positioning of the delivery device.

In another aspect, one portion of an anchor assembly or implant is positioned and implanted against a first section of anatomy. A second portion of the anchor assembly or implant is then positioned and implanted adjacent to a second section of anatomy for the purpose of retracting, lifting, compressing, approximating, supporting or repositioning the second section of anatomy with respect to the first section of anatomy as well as for the purpose of retracting, lifting, compressing, approximating, supporting or repositioning the first section of anatomy with respect to the second section of anatomy. It is also to be recognized that both a first and second portion of the anchor assembly can be configured to accomplish the desired retracting, lifting, compressing, approximating, supporting or repositioning of anatomy due to tension supplied during delivery via a connector assembly affixed to the first and second portions of the anchor assembly or implant.

The delivery device can include an endoscope providing the ability to view the interventional procedure. The delivery device can further include a plurality of projecting needles as well as structure to temporarily compress tissue.

With reference to FIGS. 1-2 , various features of urological anatomy of a human subject are presented. The prostate gland PG is a walnut-sized muscular gland located adjacent the urinary bladder UB. The urethra UT runs through the prostate gland PG. The prostate gland PG secretes fluid that protects and nourishes sperm. The prostate also contracts during ejaculation of sperm to expel semen and to provide a valve to keep urine out of the semen. A firm capsule C surrounds the prostate gland PG.

The urinary bladder UB holds urine. The vas deferentia VD define ducts through which semen is carried and the seminal vesicles SV secrete seminal fluid. The rectum R is the end segment of the large intestine and through which waste is dispelled. The urethra UT carries both urine and semen out of the body. Thus, the urethra is connected to the urinary bladder UB and provides a passageway to the vas deferentia VD and seminal vesicles SV.

Further, the trigone T is a smooth triangular end of the bladder. It is sensitive to expansion and signals the brain when the urinary bladder UB is full. The verumontanum VM is a crest in the wall of the urethra UT where the seminal ducts enter. The prostatic urethra is the section of the urethra UT that extends through the prostate.

In one embodiment (See FIG. 3 ), the anchor assembly is embodied in a tissue approximation anchor (TAA). The tissue approximation anchor is an implant assembly that includes one tubular member, referred to as the capsular anchor or, more generally, distal fixture 70. The distal fixture 70 is preferably connected by a suture (preferably polyester) 78 to a slotted, flattened-tubular member (preferably comprised of stainless steel), referred to as the urethral anchor or proximal fixture 84. In one specific, non-limiting embodiment, the distal fixture 70 is comprised of an electro-polished Nitinol (nickel titanium alloy SE508, 55.8% nickel) tube. As described below, further embodiments of anchor assemblies are contemplated. Such devices are delivered to an interventional site in a first configuration, and permitted to assume a second configuration to accomplish a desired treatment.

The tissue approximation anchor shown in FIG. 3 is designed to be useable in a physician's clinical office environment (in contrast to requiring a hospital environment) with a delivery tool. The delivery tool is used through a 19 Fr sheath in one preferred embodiment, while in another embodiment a sheath size of 21 F is employed. Additionally, the material selection and construction of the tissue approximation anchor still allows for a subsequent TURP procedure to be performed, if necessary, on the prostate. In this suture-based, tissue approximation technique, a needle delivery mechanism is used to implant an anchor assembly. Once the distal anchor assembly has been deployed, with the needle retracted and the anchor assembly is left in opposition with target anatomy.

Referring now to FIGS. 4A-C, there is shown one embodiment of a delivery device 100. This device is configured to include structure that is capable of both gaining access to an interventional site as well as assembling and implanting one or more anchor assemblies or implants within a patient's body. The delivery device 100 can be configured to assemble and implant a single anchor assembly or implant a single bodied anchor or multiple anchors or anchor assemblies. The device is further contemplated to be compatible for use with a 19F sheath. The device additionally includes structure configured to receive a conventional remote viewing device (e.g., an endoscope) so that the steps being performed at the interventional site can be observed.

Prior to use of the present device 100, a patient typically undergoes a five day regimen of antibiotics. A local anesthesia can be employed for the interventional procedure. A combination of an oral analgesic with a sedative or hypnotic component can be ingested by the patient. Moreover, topical anesthesia such as lidocaine liquids or gel can be applied to the bladder and urethra.

The anchor delivery device 100 includes a handle assembly 102 connected to elongate member 104. Elongate member 104 can house components employed to construct an anchor assembly and is sized to fit into a 19F cystosopic sheath for patient tolerance during a procedure in which the patient is awake rather than under general anesthesia. The assembly is intended to include structure to maintain its positioning within anatomy.

The anchor delivery device 100 further includes a number of subassemblies. A handle case assembly 106 including mating handle parts that form part of the handle assembly 102. The handle assembly 102 is sized and shaped to fit comfortably within an operator's hand and can be formed from conventional materials. Windows can be formed in the handle case assembly 106 to provide access to internal mechanisms of the device so that a manual override is available to the operator in the event the interventional procedure needs to be abandoned.

In one embodiment, the delivery device 100 is equipped with various activatable members that facilitate assembly and delivery of an anchor assembly at an interventional site. A needle actuator 108 is provided and as described in detail below, effectuates the advancement of a needle assembly to an interventional site. In one approach, the needle assembly moves through a curved trajectory and exits the needle housing in alignment with a handle element, and in particular embodiments, in alignment with the grip. In various other embodiments, the needle housing is oriented such that the needles exits the housing at either the two o'clock or ten o'clock positions relative to a handle grip that is vertical. A needle retraction lever assembly 110 is also provided and when actuated causes the needle assembly to be withdrawn and expose the anchor assembly.

In one particular, non-limiting use in treating a prostate, the elongate member 104 of a delivery device is placed within a urethra (UT) leading to a urinary bladder (UB) of a patient. In one approach, the delivery device can be placed within an introducer sheath (not shown) previously positioned in the urethra or alternatively, the delivery device can be inserted directly within the urethra. When employing an introducer sheath, the sheath can be attached to a sheath mount assembly (described below). The patient is positioned in lithotomy. The elongate member 104 is advanced within the patient until a leading end thereof reaches a prostate gland (PG). In a specific approach, the side(s) (or lobe(s)) of the prostate to be treated is chosen while the device extends through the bladder and the device is turned accordingly. The inside of the prostate gland, including the adenoma, is spongy and compressible and the outer surface, including the capsule, of the prostate gland is firm. By the physician viewing with an endoscope, he/she can depress the urethra into the prostate gland compressing the adenoma and creating the desired opening through the urethra. To accomplish this, the physician rotates the tool. The physician then pivots the tool laterally about the pubic symphysis PS relative to the patient's midline.

The delivery device is at this stage configured in a ready state. The needle actuator 108 and the needle retracting lever 110 are in an inactivated position.

Upon depression of the needle actuator 108, the needle assembly 200 (See FIG. 4C) is advanced from within the elongate member 104. The needle assembly can be configured so that it curves back toward the handle as it is ejected. In use in a prostate intervention, the needle assembly is advanced through and beyond a prostate gland (PG). Spring deployment helps to ensure the needle passes swiftly through the tough outer capsule of the prostate without “tenting” the capsule or failing to pierce the capsule. In one approach, the needle is made from Nitinol tubing and can be coated with Parylene N. Such a coating helps compensate for frictional or environmental losses (such as wetness) that may degrade effectiveness of needle penetration.

In a rigid delivery system, the needle assembly 200 uses the rigidity of the elongated shaft of a rigid delivery system to facilitate penetration into the prostate gland and the outer tissue planes. In contrast, a flexible system may not have sufficient rigidity to oppose the force of the needle as it attempts to penetrate the prostate gland. One consequence of this lack of sufficient rigidity in the flexible system may be to reduce the penetration depth of the needle and prevent proper deployment of the anchor.

In some aspects, a counterweight is incorporated into the handle of the delivery device to provide the necessary opposing force during needle penetration. Such an opposing force may prevent or diminish the recoil of the shaft during penetration of the needle into the prostate gland. In some aspects, during penetration of the needle a counterweight in the handle of the delivery device would be accelerated in such a way so as to counteract the torque generated by the action of the needle.

In order to view this operation, the delivery device 100 can be provided with a scope 220. Configured distally to a terminal end of the scope 220 can be one or more mirrors 222, 224 (See FIG. 5 ). Thus, lateral projection of the needle 200 (See FIG. 4C) can be viewed by the operator via images reflected by the mirrors 222, 224. The mirrors 222, 224 can be positioned to provide a wide field of view for navigation and a narrower field of view for implant delivery. For example, mirror 224 can be positioned and configured with a particular curvature, concavity, or convexity such that the view of the delivery area through the scope 220 is a wide field of view. Similarly in this example, mirror 224 can be positioned and configured with a particular curvature, concavity, or convexity such that the view of the delivery area through the scope 220 is a narrow, and optionally magnified, field of view. In some aspects, the mirrors 222, 224 can be further made to articulate to alter views during the interventional procedure, such as by mounting the mirror on pivots.

The articulation of mirrors 222, 224 can be controlled the operator using any number of suitable methods, including mechanical, electromagnetic, or electromechanical actuation. In one example of mechanical articulation, wires positioned to run at least part of the length of elongate member 104 and connected to at least one of mirrors 222, 224 can be controlled by the operator using levers, dials, triggers, or other control devices to articulate mirrors 222, 224 about their pivots. Alternately, the wires can be controlled by advancing or retracting the scope 220 such that after the scope 220 passes a certain distal point in elongate member 104, scope 220 engages the wires to articulate mirrors 222, 224 about their pivots. In some aspects, mirrors 222, 224 are capable of being articulated individually and in other aspects mirrors 222,224 are articulated in conjunction. In another aspect, the scope 220 can directly engage and articulate one or more of mirrors 222, 224 without a wire or other connecting element between scope 220 and mirrors 222, 224.

In some aspects, articulation of mirrors 222, 224 can be controlled by electromagnetic or electromechanical methods. For example, one or more of mirrors 222, 224 can be electrically connected to one of more controllers accessible to the operator. Such electrical connections can provide current to electromagnets positioned near mirrors 222, 224 such that mirror 222, 224 are magnetically deflected to articulate them about their pivots. Similarly, mirrors 222, 224 can be articulated using electromechanical motors or actuators.

In yet another, alternative embodiment, the scope 220 may include structure facilitating controlled turning or pivoting of a distal portion of the endoscope. Such structures can include the mechanical, electromagnetic, and electromechanical methods described herein or equivalent methods of turning of pivoting a distal portion of the endoscope.

In one alternate approach (FIG. 6 ), the scope 220 can terminate with an annular lens 250. The scope 220 would be positioned close to tissue during anchor assembly deployment and withdrawn to provide a wider field of view as required. The annular lens 250 enhances visibility in a flexible system and provides a low profile for the delivery device.

As shown in FIG. 7 , the scope 220 could further embody a liquid filled lens 226 providing similar functionality. In this regard, a channel 228 is provided along the scope 220 to supply the lens with liquid. Here, the amount of liquid used can be varied to modify the field of view of the scope 220. Without fluid, the field of view will be wider. When fluid is added, the view will be magnified and narrower. Alternatively, the lens can have a flexible distal end which can be changed with low pressure or high pressure fluid which makes the lens either more or less convex and thereby changes the field of view and optionally the magnification. Other liquid lens technology, such as oil and water lenses whose curvature is altered using electrostatic charge thereby changing the field of view and optionally the magnification, are contemplated for use in the flexible implant delivery systems described herein.

While the elongate member 104 of the delivery device 100 can include a ramp or other structure to direct a needle 200 laterally with respect to the elongate member 104, other approaches can also be employed to achieve this lateral direction. As shown in FIGS. 8A-8B, the delivery device 100 can include a deflection mechanism including drive wire 260 extending longitudinally within the elongate member 104. This approach is characterized by a lower profile, as less room is required to deflect the needle 200 laterally in this fashion. Employing an annular lens endoscope would further reduce the profile of the elongate member 104.

In one approach, the drive wire is routed about a first fixed element 262 and terminates with a connection to a second moving element 264. The needle 200 can be projected distally, between the first and second elements 262, 264 and directly out an opening at a terminal end of the elongate member 104. When placed near an access to anatomical locations nearby orifices or generally transverse surgically created access ports, the drive wire 260 can be pulled proximally a varying amount to set an angle of a distal portion of the needle 220 (See FIG. 8B) for further steps in an interventional procedure. This approach of setting the angle for the needle can be combined with tissue compression approaches described below. By employing a flexible scope that tracks the positioning of the needle 200, the operation can be viewed. It is to be recognized that the fixed and moving elements 262, 264 can be pulleys to minimize friction between moving parts. Moreover, the tip of the needle 200 can be blunted so as to function to push tissue and through the scope, visually observe the effect of subsequent operating steps such as implant positioning or tissue approximating. This blunted needle is used as a pre-needle deployment feature that allows assessment of the ultimate impact of the implant.

A related approach is depicted in FIG. 9 but with this approach, the deflection of the shaft towards the tissue provides compression of the tissue. The delivery device is equipped with a flexible sheath 280 that permits the lateral deflections of the elongate member 104 of a delivery device 100. The flexible scope 220 is mounted longitudinally along the elongate member 104. As the distal section of the elongate member 104 is deflected towards the interventional site, the flexible scope 220 deflects laterally as well. The needle 200 housing an anchor assembly or a portion thereof is projected laterally through tissue such as the prostate. Where the anchor assembly has multiple parts, a second structure of the anchor assembly is contained within the distal end of the elongate member 104 in a position ready for assembly to a first part of the anchor and/or deployment at a proximal location.

As shown schematically in FIG. 10A, one approach to providing the elongate member 104 with desired flexibility is to build the elongate member 104 from a plurality of individual sections 300 which thus define a variable deflection structure. Such sections can be tapered at their ends so that one section can pivot with respect to an adjacent section. The delivery device can further include a position stability mechanism that maintains the position of the device within anatomy. A wire configured longitudinally and internal to the sections 300 is arranged to pull the sections 300 into compression to thereby provide tension to hold the overall position of elongate member 104. It is contemplated that the pull wire can be attached to one or more of the segments 300. In this particular embodiment, the distal end of the device can be further equipped with a spring mechanism 310 extending laterally from a distal most section or sections 300. Another pull wire (not shown) is provided and is attached to the spring mechanism 310. Releasing the pull wire functions to control the deployment of the spring mechanism laterally.

In an exemplary procedure, the operator would allow the elongate member 104 to assume full flexibility during insertion within a patient. Once the desired depth of the elongate member 104 is achieved, the wire is pulled to freeze the curved portion of the elongate member 104. The shaft is then positioned against the target tissue such as tissue adjacent the prostate. The tension in the elongate member 104 opposes the force of the spring mechanism 310. The needle 200 is then deployed through the spring mechanism 310 that is compressing tissue, and accesses a distal anchor deployment site. Releasing the pull wire facilitates actuation of the spring mechanism so that such tissue compression is achieved. The pull wire attached to the spring mechanism 310 is then pulled to compress the spring mechanism 310 so that the device can be withdrawn from the site or so that a proximal component of the anchor assembly can be deployed.

Other approaches to providing the elongate member with desired flexibility are shown in FIGS. 10B-J. As depicted in FIGS. 10B and C, the elongate member 104 can include spaced segments 302 configured within a sleeve 304, the distance between the segments can be controlled by a connecting wire 306. In one embodiment, the connector wire 306 can be threaded through the segments 302 and attached to a leading segment. A proximal segment can define a rigidly positioned platform against which the spaced segments 302 can be withdrawn to a contracted position. Withdrawing the connector wire 306 completely, results in adjacent segments 302 engaging each other. Various degrees of flexibility can be achieved by varying the amount of distance between adjacent segments 302. Further, varying degrees of flexibility can be achieved by varying the geometry of the spaced segments such that the segments have rounded ends, nesting ends, or a combination of such ends. Segments with rounded ends will still retain some flexibility when engaged together while segments with nesting ends will be more rigid when engaged together. Still further, the length of segments can be varied to provide varying degrees of flexibility. Longer segments with less space between adjacent segments will provide more rigidity than short segments with more space between adjacent segments.

In yet another approach (See FIG. 10D), the elongate member 104 can include segments 310 that can assume a spaced relationship, and when twisted or rotated in one direction adjacent segments 310 engage each other to increase rigidity. To return to a higher degree of flexibility the segments 310 are rotated in an opposite direction. Segments 310 may be rotated by control mechanism located in or near the handle of the delivery system.

Moreover, as shown in FIGS. 10E and F, the elongate member 104 can be provided with an inflatable shaft 316. In one approach, the shaft 316 can be defined by coaxial tubes or structure 317, 318 to embody inflatable side walls. Here, the elongate member 104 has a first flexibility prior to shaft inflation, and an increased rigidity after inflation from a pump source 319. Variable flexibility can be provided by altering the amount of pressure that is provided to the space between the coaxial tubes. The mechanisms described in FIGS. 10A-F allow variability of flexibility and axial articulation. Another approach for articulation of the flexible shaft is to use a shape memory material. The shaft is set to have a curved or articulated tip at a temperature higher than body temperature and a flexible shape at temperatures at or below body temperature. A heating source (electrical, RF, etc.) is applied causing the tip to articulate and compress tissue after positioned in the anatomy.

Turning to FIGS. 10G and H, yet another approach to a flexible shaft can be embodied in an elongate member including articulating arms 330 connected at joints having a single degree of rotational freedom. Such arms 330 can be configured to articulate in one plane (FIG. 10G), to the exclusion of another (FIG. 10H). In this way, the elongate member can be stiff in a plane into which a needle 200 is projected to thereby provide necessary support for the projection through tissue.

As shown in FIG. 10I, the elongate member 104 can alternatively include a plurality of cut-outs 332 spaced along the member. The cut-outs 332 are configured to allow for flexibility in directions deemed advantageous to a treatment approach. Thus, the cut-outs 332 can be arranged so that the elongate member 104 can be flexible in a single or multiple planes, and along all or portions of a length of the elongate member 104. As depicted in FIG. 10J, the elongate member 104 can further or alternatively include a mixture of less rigid 334 and relatively more rigid 336 materials. These materials can be selected and positioned along distal and/or proximal portions as the shaft to provide desired flexibility.

In an alternative approach (FIG. 11A), it is contemplated that the needle 200 be preloaded into an expandable tip 350 including a spring mechanism 310 or fluid pressure, shape memory materials or mechanical mechanism. The expandable tip 350 can be employed to maintain positioning and stability of the delivery device within anatomy as well as compress the tissue to open the urethra the desired amount. As the needle 200 is advanced out of the elongate member 104, it triggers release of the expandable tip. It is also contemplated that the expandable tip can lack the spring mechanism 310 but that the advancement of the needle 200 causes the tip expansion.

Rather than an expandable tip, the distal end portion of an elongate member 104 can alternatively include an articulating arm 340 configured to maintain positioning and stability (See FIG. 11B). The arm 340 can be controlled to be adjacent the elongate member while the assembly is advanced to a treatment site, and then articulated to apply a force on the prostate gland PG. As shown in FIG. 11C, the elongate member 104 can also include a spring loaded element 342 that is released when it is desired to apply a position maintaining and stability force during an interventional procedure. Moreover, to provide such stability, a balloon assembly can be configured along the elongate member (FIG. 11D). Here, the balloon assembly can include one or both of a first section 344 and a second section 346. When expanded, the first section can function to provide a force to a section of a prostate gland PG. The second section 346 can be expanded within a bladder B to cooperate in maintaining longitudinal positioning of the elongate member 104. Other assemblies for maintaining longitudinal positioning of the elongate member 104 are contemplated, provided that they are reversible and allow for the delivery device to be retracted after delivery of the implant.

In yet a further alternative approach (See FIG. 12 ), rather than employing an internal mechanism such as a wire to provide tension to the flexible elongate member 104, the delivery device 100 can include two expandable tips 320, through each of which a curved needle 200 is projected. In this way, the elongate member 104 can remain flexible. Here, the activation of the two expandable tips 320 can be simultaneous upon the simultaneous advancement of the needles 200. Such simultaneous deployment may ensure that there are equal and opposite forces against anatomy thereby maintaining positioning of the elongate member 104 within anatomy.

As shown in FIGS. 13A-C, the distal end of elongate member 104 can also include a single expandable tip 350 useable to maintain the positioning of the delivery device 100 within anatomy. The expandable tip 350 is defined by a terminal end of a flexible sheath 352. Again here, two needles 200 are used. Each needle is advanceable through one of a pair of parallel arranged shafts 360. The shafts 360 are articulable or include telescoping structure to expand the tip 350. The needles 200 are then advanced through the expandable tip 350 and placed across targeted anatomy. By causing this to occur simultaneously, the position of the delivery device is maintained and two separate anchor assemblies can be deployed.

Turning now to FIGS. 14A-C, an alternative anchor 400 is described. This anchor 400 embodies a pointed wire that is held straight by a delivery sleeve 410. The pointed distal end of the wire is employed to form a path through tissue. Once placed as desired within anatomy, such as where a portion of the implant is configured on an outside of a prostate capsule, the delivery sleeve 410 is withdrawn to permit the wire implant 400 to assume its pre-formed configuration. In one aspect, the distal terminal end of the wire implant 400 can be folded so as to direct the pointed end away from engagement with adjacent body anatomy. The implant 400 can be formed from super-elastic material such as Nitinol. Upon delivery of the wire implant 400, a lateral lobe of the prostate gland PG is compressed and the urethra UT is held open (FIG. 14C).

In a related approach (See FIGS. 15A-C), the anchor implant 440 is embodied in a tubular structure and a delivery wire 450 is inserted therewithin to maintain the anchor in a straight configuration for delivery. Once placed as desired within anatomy, the delivery wire 450 is withdrawn to permit the tubular wire implant to assume its preformed configuration. Again, here, upon the completed delivery of the implant 440, the lateral lobe of a prostate gland PG is compressed and the urethra UT is held open.

To treat a prostate (See FIGS. 16A-C) using the implants discussed herein and specifically the aspects of implants described above, the delivery device would first be navigated through the urethra to the prostate. In the straight configuration, the implant would be used to penetrate the lateral lobe of the prostate. Next, the delivery element (i.e. delivery sleeve or wire) would be retracted allowing the implant to assume its preformed shape. Finally, the delivery element would be fully retracted as compression is placed on the prostate. As the implant releases from the tool, this compression is applied against the prostate PG by the implant (FIG. 16C).

The structure and approach of FIGS. 16A-C can also be employed as a pilot compressing needle. To apply compression to the prostate in a flexible system, the pilot needle would first be deployed through the prostate and capsule. Next, the pilot needle would be used to apply compression to the prostate. A capsular anchor component is then delivered using a second larger needle that is deployed and retracted. Once the capsular component is delivered, the compression needle is released and retracted. Tension would then be applied to the suture, the proximal anchor component or structure implanted such as by engaging it onto the suture, and the suture cut by the device. It is important to note that the pilot needle/wire may need to be formed at a relatively tight radius in order to be delivered without compression on the prostate. A small diameter of the pilot needle/wire will permit manufacturing at such a tighter radius. It is also important to note that the pilot needle may be required to take two different configurations during the implant deployment sequence, one configuration during pilot needle deployment and one configuration during compression.

When using a deployment sleeve, the sleeve would surround the pilot needle/wire during the deployment. The sleeve would keep the needle in the deployment configuration. Once through the prostate capsule, the sleeve can be partially retracted to allow the needle to take a preformed shape suitable for grabbing the prostate during compression. Once a distal component of an anchor assembly has been delivered and compression is released, the sleeve can be repositioned to allow the pilot needle to be retracted.

When utilizing the deployment wire, a wire would be inside a pilot needle during the deployment. The wire would keep the needle in the deployment configuration. Once through the prostate capsule, the wire would be partially retracted allowing the needle to take a preformed shape suitable for grabbing the prostate during compression. After the distal component of an anchor assembly has been delivered and compression is released, the wire is repositioned to allow the pilot needle to be retracted.

Thus, the pilot compression needle concept facilitates utilization of a flexible shaft system consequently reducing or eliminating patient discomfort associated with a rigid shaft system. Moreover, the compression-element design allows either or both a predefined or user-controlled level of tension to be applied to the prostate prior to anchor delivery.

Within a patient's body, the anchor assembly is configured across anatomy within the interventional site. The urethra (UT) is thus widened due to the anchor assembly compressing the surrounding enlarged prostate tissue due to the fact that the outer capsular tissue is rather strong, substantially non-compressible and non-displaceable while the adenoma of the prostate gland is compressible and the urethral wall displaceable.

With reference to FIGS. 17A-C, an implant 500 can consist of a single length of elastic or super-elastic shape-memory metal or plastic with a stored state and a deployed state. The stored state is straight or slightly curved while the implant 500 is contained within a delivery needle. The deployed state consists of a straight middle length connecting pre-formed distal and proximal ends. The pre-formed distal end 502 is shaped in a loop or a hook and anchors to the prostatic capsule when treating BPH. The preformed proximal end 504 is shaped as a long bar with a hook, formed at approximately 90 degrees from the middle section of the implant.

One approach to a delivery instrument for the implant consists of a shaft that houses a delivery needle 200. A push rod 510 with a hollow tip 512 is housed within the needle. The proximal end of the implant is pre-loaded into the distal tip 512 of the push rod, and due to the curvature of the proximal end 504 of the implant 500, a given load is required to force the push rod 510 and the implant 500 apart. This load may be tuned by adjusting the curvature of the implant 500 and changing the frictional properties between the push rod 510 and the implant 500. This frictional load determines the tension load at which the implant 500 will be released form the delivery device. The sub-assembly is loaded into the needle with the distal end 502 of the implant stored just proximal to a bevel defining the needle tip and the proximal end of the push rod 510 can be attached to a tensioning element.

In a delivery sequence, a distal tip of delivery instrument is employed to compress tissue. Next, the needle is deployed through tissue. The distal end of the implant is then unsheathed (held in position by the push rod) as the needle retracts. When the needle 200 is retracted back to the delivery device, spring tension is applied to the implant through the push rod. The push-rod to implant interface involves a friction fit that is tuned to release at a specified force (e.g. 1 lb. of tension). When this force is reached, due to the reaction force applied to the distal end of the implant 500 by the prostatic capsule PG, the implant 500 will automatically release from the distal end of the push rod. The proximal end of the implant, which has been stored in a straight configuration in the needle 200, is able to recover its 90 degree bend when it is released from the delivery instrument. The 90 degree leg of the implant creates a local defect along the prostatic urethra.

In contemplated alternative approaches, friction between the needle and the implant can be used to provide tension to the implant, rather than using the hollow-tipped push rod. This would simplify the push rod component, and create a force-controlled implant delivery. Moreover, a second push-rod component or an alternative gripper mechanism can be added to release the implant after retraction of the needle and tensioning of the implant. This would create a distance controlled implant delivery instead of a force-controlled delivery. In this embodiment the implant could have more of a looped proximal end to allow for the treatment of multiple prostate sizes.

Further, the implant 500 could be fabricated from a hybrid of super-elastic metal or plastic and stainless steel so that the proximal portion 515 of the implant is plastically deformable to allow for in-situ implant size variation (See FIGS. 18A-B). Also, a shape memory polymer could be used for the implant. Shape set polymers are as much as two times easier to plastically deform than the same polymers that have not been “programmed” with shape memory. This would allow for easier formability, which would facilitate a less robust and lower profile shaft. Thus, a flexible articulating delivery system could be used, which would provide more direct visibility to the treatment sight and a less traumatic procedure due to the flexible nature of the shaft (See FIG. 9 ).

With reference to FIGS. 19A-B, in an alternate embodiment implant 500 includes a shape memory material, such as the metals or plastics described herein or their equivalents. Distal end 502 of implant 500 is preformed to provide distal anchoring features, such as curvature, spirals, hooks, loops, and the like. Implant 500 can be loaded into delivery needle 200 in a low profile configuration and deployed using the delivery methods described herein, namely a push-rod interface. Alternately, implant 500 can be a wire that extends proximally within the delivery device such that it can be advanced directly via the delivery tool, eliminating the need for a separate push-rod or similar element. After distal end 502 of implant 500 bridges the outer tissue planes of the prostate gland via delivery needle 200, delivery needle 200 is retracted, unsheathing at least distal end 502 such that its anchoring features are positioned and implanted adjacent the outer tissue planes of the prostate gland. Tension can be applied to implant 500 as described herein and cutting mechanism 550 severs implant 500 at a point that allows a proximal end 504 of implant 500 to hold tissue in an altered configuration. Proximal end 504 maybe be shape set during manufacturing such that when the residual length of implant 500 is severed, proximal end 504 anchors the urethral side of the prostate gland. Proximal end 504 may be shape set to assume a curved configuration or other configuration that provides such and anchoring feature. One of the benefits of such a shape set embodiment of proximal end 504 is that proximal end 504 may not need to be actively deformed or shaped to provide anchoring features. Another benefit of the aspects of implant 500 in which distal end 502 and proximal end 504 are shape set is that such an implant is effectively customized to a particular anatomy in-situ with little additional operator manipulation of implant 500. In certain aspects of this embodiment, implant 500 could be manufactured with a series of notches or necked areas in proximal end 504 that would facilitate the step of severing implant 500. In some aspects, such notches or necked areas could facilitate shearing of proximal end 504 by twisting or other means such that implant 500 is not severed. Further, such shearing could be accomplished without notches or necked areas.

With reference to FIG. 20 , in an alternate embodiment implant 500 includes a flexible, single-piece device capable of coiling and retracting. In some aspects, implant 500 can be made from a coiled tube or a serrated tube. In some aspects, implant 500 can include a coiled wire and the coiled wire can be wrapped in a shrink-wrap material. In these aspects, implant 500 can be formed from a shape memory material, such as the metals or plastics described herein or their equivalents. Alternately, implant 500 can be formed from conventional metals or plastics provided that it is formed in a way that facilitates coiling or retracting of the implant subsequent to deployment. In some aspects, implant 500 is connected to push rod 510 via wire 590. Wire 590 can be connected to implant 500 and push rod 510 by soldering, welding, or similar connecting method. Implant 500 can deployed by disconnecting implant 500 from push rod 510. In some aspects, implant 500 is disconnected by twisting push rod 510 with respect to wire 590 until wire 590 shears off and disconnects from push rod 510. In some aspects, the joint between push rod 510 and wire 590 is stronger than the joint between wire 590 and implant 500. In such aspects, wire 590 and push rod 510 twist with respect to implant 500 and the wire 590 shears at a point closer to implant 500 than push rod 510. The point at which wire 590 shears can be selected by the design of wire 590, such as by including notches, points of weakness, kinks, or other features that will preferentially shear prior to other sections of wire 590 and/or prior to joints connecting wire 590 with implant 500 and push rod 510. In some aspects, deployment can be accomplished electrically such that wire 590 becomes disconnected from implant 500 or push rod 510 by passing current through wire 590. Wire 590 may include segments or joints of increased resistivity compare with the rest of wire 590 such that wire 590 “fails” at a predictable point when electric current is passed across the segment or joint. In some aspects, electrical wires running with push rod 510 are connected to the joint between wire 590 and push rod 510 and such joint is designed to “fail” when current is run across it. In some aspects, distal end 502 of implant 500 has anchoring features. The aspects and embodiments of implant 500, push rod 510, and wire 590 described with reference to FIG. 20 can be combined with the delivery devices described herein, including the devices using a delivery needle.

With reference to FIGS. 21A-D, in some aspects prosthesis 700 is placed within urethra UT, and more specifically within the prostatic urethra. Prosthesis 700 may be permanent or non-permanent. In non-permanent applications, prosthesis may be resorbable or degradable. Prosthesis 700 may be designed to resorb or degrade, or have its resorbing or degrading triggered, by exposure to urine, body temperature, chemical agents, light, thermal energy, and/or time. In some aspects, prosthesis 700 may be a low-profile device capable of being expanded within urethra UT upon deployment. In some aspects, prosthesis 700 stays in place in urethra UT by engaging the wall of urethra UT with a friction fit and/or by engaging anatomical features in the end of urethra UT, such as the bladder neck, verumontanum, or external sphincter. Prosthesis 700 is capable of providing temporary and/or permanent relief of symptoms by compressing prostate gland PG and/or opening urethra UT. Prosthesis 700 is preferably and advantageously used with a flexible delivery system.

With reference to FIG. 21A, prosthesis 700 may include a pre-formed foam structure. The foam structure may be semi-rigid or rigid, and a single prosthesis may include both semi-rigid and rigid ends or ends of varying rigidity. The foam structure may be open-cell or closed-cell, and a single prosthesis may include both open-cell and closed-cell ends. In some aspects, prosthesis 700 may be delivered in a compressed, low-profile configuration that is capable of expanding to an uncompressed or expanded configuration at the appropriate location in urethra UT. In some aspects, constraining members hold prosthesis in its compressed configuration and such constraining members are removed in order to deploy prosthesis 700. The uncompressed and/or expanded foam structure of prosthesis 700 provides relief of BPH symptoms.

With regard to FIG. 21C, in some aspects prosthesis 700 includes an expandable mesh structure. The mesh structure can be made from metals or plastics, including shape-memory metals and shape-set plastics. In some aspects, the mesh structure of prosthesis 700 is resilient and capable of being reversibly compressed by constraining members. In some aspects, the mesh structure of prosthesis 700 is capable of being expanded by shortening or lengthening prosthesis 700. In some aspects, the mesh structure of prosthesis 700 is capable of being expanded by an expansion member, such as a balloon.

With regard to FIG. 21D, in some aspects prosthesis 700 includes an expandable structure with overlapping sections 705. Overlapping sections 705 define a space inside prosthesis 700, referred to as lumen 710 of prosthesis 700. Overlapping sections 705 are capable of sliding or moving past one another about a tangent to lumen 710 and such motion causes the overall cross-sectional profile of prosthesis 700 to increase and engage urethra UT. Overlapping sections 705 may be made of a metal or plastic, including shape-memory metals and shape set plastic. Overlapping sections 705 in a single prosthesis may be made from the same material or from different materials. The choice of materials may be used to control the rigidity of prosthesis 700 and its expansion characteristics.

With regard to FIG. 21B, in some aspects prosthesis 700 is formed in-situ by delivering a material to urethra UT via insertion device 780. In some aspects, material to form prosthesis 700 in-situ can be inserted into pre-formed shell 790. First, pre-formed shell 790 can be compressed to have a low profile and then delivered to urethra UT and allowed to decompress. Insertion device 780 can then be used to fill pre-formed shell 790 with a material that increases the rigidity of pre-formed shell 790. Such a material can cure into rigid or semi-rigid foam.

With regard to FIGS. 22A-B, in some aspects implant 500 includes proximal anchor 501, distal anchor 503, and connectors 511. Proximal anchor 501 and distal anchor 503 are pre-formed to include anchoring features that facilitate attachment to tissue. Distal anchor 503 may contain sharp edges or cutting surfaces or other features to facilitate penetration of implant 500 through tissue. Proximal anchor 501 and distal anchor 503 may be wires, tubes, or other low-profile shapes that are also capable of being deformed or shaped to create a bend or other anchoring feature. Proximal anchor 501 and distal anchor 503 may be formed from metals or plastics, including shape-memory metals and shape-set plastics. Connectors 511 include one or more fibers or wires and are connected with proximal anchor 501 and distal anchor 503 using methods such as bonding, friction fitting, melting, tying and the like. FIG. 22B depicts an aspect in which connectors 511 and proximal anchor 501 have been twisted with respect to distal anchor 503. Such twisting decreases the distance between proximal anchor 501 and distal anchor 503 and facilitates the compression of the prostate gland.

With regard to FIG. 22C, in some aspects connecting tube 513 can connect proximal anchor 501 and distal anchor 503. Connecting tube 513 may be formed from plastic tubing or a similar material that is capable of elastic or semi-elastic axial stretching. The elastic or semi-elastic nature of connecting tube 513 facilitates holding an altered configuration of the prostate gland when distal anchor 503 and proximal anchor 501 have been placed about prostate gland PG as described herein. Proximal anchor 501 and distal anchor 503 are pre-formed to include anchoring features that facilitate attachment to tissue. Distal anchor 503 may contain sharp edges or cutting surfaces or other features to facilitate penetration of implant 500 through tissue. Proximal anchor 501 and distal anchor 503 may be wires, tubes, or other low-profile shapes that are also capable of being deformed or shaped to create a bend or other anchoring feature. Proximal anchor 501 and distal anchor 503 may be formed from metals or plastics, including shape-memory metals and shape-set plastics.

FIGS. 23A-B depicts an aspect in which implant 500 of the type depicted in FIGS. 22A-C are implanted in and facilitate compression of prostate gland PG. Elongate member 104 is advanced into urethra UT and into position in the prostatic urethra. Delivery needle 200 is used to penetrate prostate gland PG and provide access to the outer tissue planes of prostate gland PG. Optionally, the cutting or piercing surfaces of implant 500 may also facilitate penetration of prostate gland PG. Delivery needle 200 is retracted and distal anchor 503 of implant 500 anchors to the outer tissue planes of prostate gland PG. As delivery needle 200 is further retracted, proximal anchor 501 attaches to tissue. In some aspects, proximal anchor 501 and connectors 511 are twisted with respect to distal anchor 503 to hold an altered configuration for a variety of sizes of prostate glands. In some aspects, the elasticity of connecting tube 513 holds an altered configuration for a variety of sizes of prostate glands.

With regard to FIGS. 24A-D, in some aspects implant 500 includes mesh structure 551 and anchor tips 553. Mesh structure 551 is capable of reducing in length as it expands and lengthen as it is compressed. Anchor tips 553 have a preformed shape that is capable of providing an anchoring feature, as is depicted in one aspect in FIG. 24B. Anchor tips 553 are capable of being reversibly deformed to remove the anchoring feature, an aspect of which is depicted in FIG. 24C. With regard to FIG. 24C, constraining member 595 is capable of compressing mesh structure 551 and reversibly deforming anchor tips 553. Constraining member 595 provides a low-profile for implant 500 and secures it against delivery needle 200. When the distal anchor tips 553 are positioned near the outer tissue planes of prostate gland PG, constraining member 595 may be moved proximally to unsheathe distal anchor tips 553. Distal anchor tips 553 regain their anchoring features and engage tissue. As constraining member 595 is further retracted, mesh structure 551 expands and shortens and proximal anchor tips 553 deploy against tissue. FIG. 24D depicts implant 500 providing compression to prostate gland PG according to aspects described herein. In these aspects, implant 500 can be formed from a shape memory material, such as the metals or plastics described herein or their equivalents. In these aspects, the cross-sectional profile of mesh structure 551 can be round or flat. Further, to the extent deploying mesh structure 551 creates and temporarily preserves a void within prostate gland PG, such a void can be filled with suitable biocompatible adhesives or other permanent, porous, resorbable, and/or ingrowth-promoting materials.

Accordingly, the present invention contemplates both pushing directly on anchor portions of an anchor assembly as well as pushing directly upon the connector of the anchor assembly. Moreover, as presented above, the distal or first anchor component can be advanced and deployed through a needle assembly and at least one component of the proximal or second anchor component is advanced and deployed from the needle or from a housing portion of the anchor deployment device. Further, either a single anchor assembly or multiple anchor assemblies can be delivered and deployed at an intervention site by the deployment device. Additionally, a single anchor assembly component can for example, be placed on one side of a prostate or urethra while multiple anchor assembly components can be positioned along an opposite or displaced position of such anatomy. The number and locations of the anchor assemblies can thus be equal and/or symmetrical, different in number and asymmetrical, or simply asymmetrically placed. In the context of prostate treatment, the present invention is used for the compression of the prostate gland and the opening of the prostatic urethra, the delivering of an implant at the interventional site, and applying tension between ends of the implant. Moreover, drug delivery is both contemplated and described as a further remedy in BPH and over active bladder treatment as well as treating prostate cancer and prostatitis.

Once implanted, the anchor assembly of the present invention accomplishes desired tissue manipulation, approximation, compression or retraction as well as cooperates with the target anatomy to provide an atraumatic support structure. In one preferred embodiment, the shape and contour of the anchor assembly is configured so that the assembly invaginates within target tissue, such as within folds formed in the urethra by the opening of the urethra lumen by the anchor assembly. In desired placement, wispy or pillowy tissue in the area collapses around the anchor structure. Eventually, the natural tissue can grow over the anchor assembly and new cell growth occurs over time. Such cooperation with target tissue facilitates healing and avoids unwanted side effects such as calcification or infection at the interventional site.

Subsequent to the interventional procedure, the patient can be directed to take appropriate drugs or therapeutic agents, such as alpha blockers and anti-inflammatory medicines.

Furthermore, in addition to an intention to cooperate with natural tissue anatomy, the present invention also contemplates approaches to accelerate healing or induce scarring. Manners in which healing can be promoted can include employing abrasive materials, textured connectors, biologics and drugs.

Additionally, it is contemplated that the components of the anchor assembly or selected portions thereof (of any of the anchor assemblies described or contemplated), can be coated or embedded with therapeutic or diagnostic substances (e.g. drugs or therapeutic agents). Again, in the context of treating a prostate gland, the anchor assembly can be coated or imbedded with substances such as 5-alpha-reductase which cause the prostate to decrease in size. Other substances contemplated include but are not limited to phytochemicals generally, alpha-la-adrenergic receptor blocking agents, smooth muscle relaxants, and agents that inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. In one particular approach, the connector can for example, be coated with a polymer matrix or gel coating that retains the therapeutic or diagnostic substance and facilitates accomplishing the timed release thereof. Additionally, it is contemplated that bacteriostatic coatings as well as analgesics and antibiotics for prostatitis and other chemical coatings for cancer treatment, can be applied to various portions of the anchor assemblies described herein. Such coatings can have various thicknesses or a specific thickness such that it along with the connector itself matches the profile of a cylindrical portion of an anchor member affixed to the connector. Moreover, the co-delivery of a therapeutic or diagnostic gel or other substances through the implant deployment device or another medical device (i.e. catheter), and moreover an anchor assembly including the same, is within the scope of the present invention as is radio-loading devices (such as a capsular or distal ends of implants for cancer or other treatment modalities). In one such approach, the deployment device includes a reservoir holding the gel substance and through which an anchor device can be advance to pick up a desired quantity of therapeutic or diagnostic gel substance.

It is further contemplated that in certain embodiments, the anchor delivery device can include the ability to detect forces being applied thereby or other environmental conditions. Various sections of the device can include such devices and in one contemplated approach sensors can be placed along the needle assembly. In this way, an operator can detect for example, whether the needle has breached the target anatomical structure at the interventional site and the extent to which such breaching has occurred. Other sensors that can detect particular environmental features can also be employed such as blood or other chemical or constituent sensors. Moreover, one or more pressure sensors or sensors providing feedback on the state of deployment of the anchor assembly during delivery or after implantation are contemplated. For example, tension or depth feedback can be monitored by these sensors. Further, such sensors can be incorporated into the anchor assembly itself, other structure of the deployment device or in the anatomy.

Moreover, it is to be recognized that the foregoing procedure is reversible. In one approach, the connection of an anchor assembly can be severed and a proximal (or second) anchor component removed from the patient's body. For example, the physician can cut the connector and simultaneously remove the second anchor previously implanted for example, in the patient's urethra using electrosurgical, surgical or laser surgical devices used in performing transurethral prostate resection.

An aspect that the various embodiments of the present invention provide is the ability to deliver an anchor assembly having a customizable length, each anchor assembly being implanted at a different location without having to remove the device from the patient. Other aspects of the various embodiments of the present invention are load-based delivery, of an anchor assembly, anchor assembly delivery with a device having integrated connector, (e.g. suture), cutting, and anchor assembly delivery with an endoscope in the device. The delivery device is uniquely configured to hold the suture with tension during delivery to help ensure that the first anchor component sits firmly against a tissue plane (e.g., the outer capsule of the prostate) and is held relatively firm as the second anchor component is attached to the connector and the delivery device. In this aspect, the needle assembly acting as a penetrating member is cooperatively connected to a mechanism that pulls on the anchor while the needle assembly is retracted.

It is to be recognized that various materials are within the scope of the present invention for manufacturing the disclosed devices. Moreover, one or more components such as distal anchor, proximal anchor, and connector, of the one or more anchor devices disclosed herein can be completely or partially biodegradable or biofragmentable.

Further, as stated, the devices and methods disclosed herein can be used to treat a variety of pathologies in a variety of lumens or organs comprising a cavity or a wall. Examples of such lumens or organs include, but are not limited to urethra, bowel, stomach, esophagus, trachea, bronchii, bronchial passageways, veins (e.g. for treating varicose veins or valvular insufficiency), arteries, lymphatic vessels, ureters, bladder, cardiac atria or ventricles, uterus, fallopian tubes, etc.

Finally, it is to be appreciated that the invention has been described hereabove with reference to certain examples or embodiments of the invention but that various additions, deletions, alterations and modifications may be made to those examples and embodiments without departing from the intended spirit and scope of the invention. For example, any element or attribute of one embodiment or example may be incorporated into or used with another embodiment or example, unless to do so would render the embodiment or example unpatentable or unsuitable for its intended use. Also, for example, where the steps of a method are described or listed in a particular order, the order of such steps may be changed unless to do so would render the method unpatentable or unsuitable for its intended use. All reasonable additions, deletions, modifications and alterations are to be considered equivalents of the described examples and embodiments and are to be included within the scope of the following claims.

Thus, it will be apparent from the foregoing that, while particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without parting from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

We claim:
 1. A method for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia, comprising: inserting a tubular elongate device longitudinally through a urethra of a subject until at least a distal portion of the tubular elongate device reaches a prostatic urethra; advancing a needle from the distal portion of the tubular elongate device through a prostatic capsule and into a prostate gland that has a size, wherein advancing the needle through the prostatic capsule and into the prostate gland is a step in reducing the size of the prostate gland; and tracking a position of the needle using an endoscopic device advanced to the prostatic urethra.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein advancing the needle comprises deflecting a distal portion of the needle laterally with respect to the tubular elongate device.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the step of applying heat.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the endoscopic device comprises a distal annular lens.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the endoscopic device is mounted on the tubular elongate device.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the endoscopic device is inserted through the tubular elongate device.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the needle comprises Nitinol tubing.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the distal portion of the tubular elongate device comprises one or more mirrors configured to view at least a distal portion of the needle.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the one or more mirrors are configured to be articulated to alter views of the distal portion of the needle as the needle is advanced.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more mirrors are configured to be articulated via mechanical, electromagnetic, or electromechanical actuation.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a distal portion of the endoscopic device is configured to deflect laterally with respect to the tubular elongate device.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the tubular elongate device comprises a flexible sheath extending from a handle.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the tubular elongate device further comprises a controllable position stability mechanism.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the controllable position stability mechanism controls one or more of axial deflection and longitudinal positioning.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the controllable position stability mechanism includes a needle deflection mechanism.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the tubular elongate device comprises a rigid sheath extending from a handle.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the tubular elongate device further comprises an expandable tip.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein advancing the needle from the distal portion of the tubular elongate device triggers expansion of the expandable tip.
 19. The method of claim 1, further comprising rotating the distal portion of the tubular elongate device such that a distal opening of the tubular elongate device faces the prostate gland.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein advancing the needle comprises engaging a needle actuator coupled to a handle at a proximal end of the tubular elongate device. 